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1.What is the mainsteam of 20th century English literature？100words

2.麦哲伦海山区富钴结壳成矿条件分析

3.张虎才的发表论文及著作

What is the mainsteam of 20th century English literature？100words

       Literature written in English since c.1450 by the inhabitants of the British Isles; it was during the 15th cent. that the English language acquired much of its modern form. For the literature of previous linguistic periods, see the articles on Anglo-Saxon literature and Middle English literature (see also Anglo-Norman literature).

       For literature written by English speakers elsewhere, see American literature; Australian literature; Canadian literature, English; New Zealand literature; and South African literature.

       The Tudors and the Elizabethan Age

       The beginning of the Tudor dynasty coincided with the first dissemination of printed matter. William Caxton’s press was established in 1476, only nine years before the beginning of Henry VII’s reign. Caxton’s achievement encouraged writing of all kinds and also influenced the standardization of the English language. The early Tudor period, particularly the reign of Henry VIII, was marked by a break with the Roman Catholic Church and a weakening of feudal ties, which brought about a vast increase in the power of the monarchy. 3

       Stronger political relationships with the Continent were also developed, increasing England’s exposure to Renaissance culture. Humanism became the most important force in English literary and intellectual life, both in its narrow sense—the study and imitation of the Latin classics—and in its broad sense—the affirmation of the secular, in addition to the otherworldly, concerns of people. These forces produced during the reign (1558–1603) of Elizabeth I one of the most fruitful eras in literary history. 4

       The energy of England’s writers matched that of its mariners and merchants. Accounts by men such as Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas, and Sir Walter Raleigh were eagerly read. The activities and literature of the Elizabethans reflected a new nationalism, which expressed itself also in the works of chroniclers (John Stow, Raphael Holinshed, and others), historians, and translators and even in political and religious tracts. A myriad of new genres, themes, and ideas were incorporated into English literature. Italian poetic forms, especially the sonnet, became models for English poets. 5

       Sir Thomas Wyatt was the most successful sonneteer among early Tudor poets, and was, with Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, a seminal influence. Tottel’s Miscellany (1557) was the first and most popular of many collections of experimental poetry by different, often anonymous, hands. A common goal of these poets was to make English as flexible a poetic instrument as Italian. Among the more prominent of this group were Thomas Churchyard, George Gascoigne, and Edward de Vere, earl of Oxford. An ambitious and influential work was A Mirror for Magistrates (1559), a historical verse narrative by several poets that updated the medieval view of history and the morals to be drawn from it. 6

       The poet who best synthesized the ideas and tendencies of the English Renaissance was Edmund Spenser. His unfinished epic poem The Faerie Queen (1596) is a treasure house of romance, allegory, adventure, Neoplatonic ideas, patriotism, and Protestant morality, all presented in a variety of literary styles. The ideal English Renaissance man was Sir Philip Sidney—scholar, poet, critic, courtier, diplomat, and soldier—who died in battle at the age of 32. His best poetry is contained in the sonnet sequence Astrophel and Stella (1591) and his Defence of Poesie is among the most important works of literary criticism in the tradition. 7

       Many others in a historical era when poetic talents were highly valued, were skilled poets. Important late Tudor sonneteers include Spenser and Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, and Fulke Greville. More versatile even than Sidney was Sir Walter Raleigh—poet, historian, courtier, explorer, and soldier—who wrote strong, spare poetry. 8

       Early Tudor drama owed much to both medieval morality plays and classical models. Ralph Roister Doister (c.1545) by Nicholas Udall and Gammer Gurton’s Needle (c.1552) are considered the first English comedies, combining elements of classical Roman comedy with native burlesque. During the late 16th and early 17th cent., drama flourished in England as never before or since. It came of age with the work of the University Wits, whose sophisticated plays set the course of Renaissance drama and paved the way for Shakespeare. 9

       The Wits included John Lyly, famed for the highly artificial and much imitated prose work Euphues (1578); Robert Greene, the first to write romantic comedy; the versatile Thomas Lodge and Thomas Nashe; Thomas Kyd, who popularized neo-Senecan tragedy; and Christopher Marlowe, the greatest dramatist of the group. Focusing on heroes whose very greatness leads to their downfall, Marlowe wrote in blank verse with a rhetorical brilliance and eloquence superbly equal to the demands of high drama. William Shakespeare, of course, fulfilled the promise of the Elizabethan age. His history plays, comedies, and tragedies set a standard never again equaled, and he is universally regarded as the greatest dramatist and one of the greatest poets of all time. 10

       The Jacobean Era, Cromwell, and the Restoration

       Elizabethan literature generally reflects the exuberant self-confidence of a nation expanding its powers, increasing its wealth, and thus keeping at bay its serious social and religious problems. Disillusion and pessimism followed, however, during the unstable reign of James I (1603–25). The 17th cent. was to be a time of great upheaval—revolution and regicide, restoration of the monarchy, and, finally, the victory of Parliament, landed Protestantism, and the moneyed interests. 11

       Jacobean literature begins with the drama, including some of Shakespeare’s greatest, and darkest, plays. The dominant literary figure of James’s reign was Ben Jonson, whose varied and dramatic works followed classical models and were enriched by his worldly, peculiarly English wit. His satiric dramas, notably the great Volpone (1606), all take a cynical view of human nature. Also cynical were the horrific revenge tragedies of John Ford, Thomas Middleton, Cyril Tourneur, and John Webster (the best poet of this grim genre). Novelty was in great demand, and the possibilities of plot and genre were exploited almost to exhaustion. Still, many excellent plays were written by men such as George Chapman, the masters of comedy Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger, and the team of Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. Drama continued to flourish until the closing of the theaters at the onset of the English Revolution in 1642. 12

       The foremost poets of the Jacobean era, Ben Jonson and John Donne, are regarded as the originators of two diverse poetic traditions—the Cavalier and the metaphysical (see Cavalier poets and metaphysical poets). Jonson and Donne shared not only a common fund of literary resources, but also a dryness of wit and precision of expression. Donne’s poetry is distinctive for its passionate intellection, Jonson’s for its classicism and urbane guidance of passion. 13

       Although George Herbert and Donne were the principal metaphysical poets, the meditative religious poets Henry Vaughan and Thomas Traherne were also influenced by Donne, as were Abraham Cowley and Richard Crashaw. The greatest of the Cavalier poets was the sensuously lyrical Robert Herrick. Such other Cavaliers as Thomas Carew, Sir John Suckling, and Richard Lovelace were lyricists in the elegant Jonsonian tradition, though their lyricism turned political during the English Revolution. Although ranked with the metaphysical poets, the highly individual Andrew Marvell partook of the traditions of both Donne and Jonson. 14

       Among the leading prose writers of the Jacobean period were the translators who produced the classic King James Version of the Bible (1611) and the divines Lancelot Andrewes, Jeremy Taylor, and John Donne. The work of Francis Bacon helped shape philosophical and scientific method. Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) offers a varied, virtually encyclopedic view of the moral and intellectual preoccupations of the 17th cent. Like Burton, Sir Thomas Browne sought to reconcile the mysteries of religion with the newer mysteries of science. Izaak Walton, author of The Compleat Angler (1653), produced a number of graceful biographies of prominent writers. Thomas Hobbes wrote the most influential political treatise of the age, Leviathan (1651). 15

       The Jacobean era’s most fiery and eloquent author of political tracts (many in defense of Cromwell’s government, of which he was a member) was also one of the greatest of all English poets, John Milton. His Paradise Lost (1667) is a Christian epic of encompassing scope. In Milton the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction. 16

       With the restoration of the English monarchy in the person of Charles II, literary tastes widened. The lifting of Puritan restrictions and the reassembling of the court led to a relaxation of restraints, both moral and stylistic, embodied in such figures as the Earl of Rochester. Restoration comedy reveals both the influence of French farce (the English court spent its exile in France) and of Jacobean comedy. It generously fed the public’s appetite for broad satire, high style, and a licentiousness that justified the worst Puritan imaginings. Such dramatists as Sir George Etherege, William Wycherley, and William Congreve created superbly polished high comedy. Sparkling but not quite so brilliant were the plays of George Farquhar, Thomas Shadwell, and Sir John Vanbrugh. 17

       John Dryden began as a playwright but became the foremost poet and critic of his time. His greatest works are satirical narrative poems, notably Absalom and Achitophel (1681), in which prominent contemporary figures are unmistakably and devastatingly portrayed. Another satiric poet of the period was Samuel Butler, whose Hudibras (1663) satirizes Puritanism together with all the intellectual pretensions of the time. During the Restoration Puritanism or, more generally, the Dissenting tradition, remained vital. The most important Dissenting literary work was John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1675), an allegorical prose narrative that is considered a forerunner of the novel. Lively and illuminating glimpses of Restoration manners and mores are provided by the diaries of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. 18

       The Eighteenth Century

       The Glorious Revolution of 1688 firmly established a Protestant monarchy together with effective rule by Parliament. The new science of the time, Newtonian physics, reinforced the belief that everything, including human conduct, is guided by a rational order. Moderation and common sense became intellectual values as well as standards of behavior. 19

       These values achieved their highest literary expression in the poetry of Alexander Pope. Pope—neoclassicist, wit, and master of the heroic couplet—was critical of human foibles but generally confident that order and happiness in human affairs were attainable if excesses were eschewed and rational dictates heeded. The brilliant prose satirist Jonathan Swift was not so sanguine. His “savage indignation” resulted in devastating attacks on his age in A Tale of a Tub (1704), Gulliver’s Travels (1726), and A Modest Proposal (1729). 20

       Middle-class tastes were reflected in the growth of periodicals and newspapers, the best of which were the Tatler and the Spectator produced by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele. The novels of Daniel Defoe, the first modern novels in English, owe much to the techniques of journalism. They also illustrate the virtues of merchant adventure vital to the rising middle class. Indeed, the novel was to become the literary form most responsive to middle-class needs and interests. 21

       The 18th cent. was the age of town life with its coffeehouses and clubs. One of the most famous of the latter was the Scriblerus Club, whose members included Pope, Swift, and John Gay (author of The Beggar’s Opera). Its purpose was to defend and uphold high literary standards against the rising tide of middle-class values and tastes. Letters were a popular form of polite literature. Pope, Swift, Horace Walpole, and Thomas Gray were masters of the form, and letters make up the chief literary output of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Lord Chesterfield. The novels of Samuel Richardson, including the influential Clarissa (1747), were written in epistolary form. With the work of Richardson, Fanny Burney, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne the English novel flourished. 22

       Probably the most celebrated literary circle in history was the one dominated by Samuel Johnson. It included Joshua Reynolds, David Garrick, Edmund Burke, Oliver Goldsmith, and James Boswell, whose biography of Johnson is a classic of the genre. Other great master prose writers of the period were the historian Edward Gibbon and the philosopher David Hume. Dr. Johnson, who carried the arts of criticism and conversation to new heights, both typified and helped to form mid-18th-century views of life, literature, and conduct. The drama of the 18th cent. failed to match that of the Restoration. But Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan rose above the prevalent “weeping comedy”—whose sentimentalism infected every literary genre of the period—to achieve polished comedy in the Restoration tradition. 23

       Among the prominent poets of the 18th cent. were James Thomson, who wrote in The Seasons (1726) of nature as it reflected the Newtonian concept of order and beauty, and Edward Young, whose Night Thoughts (1742) combined melancholy and Christian apologetics. Anticipations of romanticism can be seen in the odes of William Collins, the poems of Thomas Gray, and the Scots lyrics of Robert Burns. The work of William Blake, the first great romantic poet, began late in the 18th cent. Blake is unique: poet, artist, artisan, revolutionist, and visionary prophet. 24

       In prose fiction, departures from social realism are evident in the Gothic romances of Horace Walpole, Anne Radcliffe, “Monk” Lewis, Charles Maturin, and others. These works catered to a growing interest in medievalism, northern antiquities, ballads, folklore, chivalry, and romance, also exploited in two masterpieces of forgery—the Ossian poems of James Macpherson and the “medieval” Rowley poems of Thomas Chatterton. 25

       The Romantic Period

       At the turn of the century, fired by ideas of personal and political liberty and of the energy and sublimity of the natural world, artists and intellectuals sought to break the bonds of 18th-century convention. Although the works of Jean Jacques Rousseau and William Godwin had great influence, the French Revolution and its aftermath had the strongest impact of all. In England initial support for the Revolution was primarily utopian and idealist, and when the French failed to live up to expectations, most English intellectuals renounced the Revolution. However, the romantic vision had taken forms other than political, and these developed apace. 26

       In Lyrical Ballads (1798 and 1800), a watershed in literary history, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge presented and illustrated a liberating aesthetic: poetry should express, in genuine language, experience as filtered through personal emotion and imagination; the truest experience was to be found in nature. The concept of the Sublime strengthened this turn to nature, because in wild countrysides the power of the sublime could be felt most immediately. Wordsworth’s romanticism is probably most fully realized in his great autobiographical poem, “The Prelude” (1805–50). In search of sublime moments, romantic poets wrote about the marvelous and supernatural, the exotic, and the medieval. But they also found beauty in the lives of simple rural people and aspects of the everyday world. 27

       The second generation of romantic poets included John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and George Gordon, Lord Byron. In Keats’s great odes, intellectual and emotional sensibility merge in language of great power and beauty. Shelley, who combined soaring lyricism with an apocalyptic political vision, sought more extreme effects and occasionally achieved them, as in his great drama Prometheus Unbound (1820). His wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, wrote the greatest of the Gothic romances, Frankenstein (1818). 28

       Lord Byron was the prototypical romantic hero, the envy and scandal of the age. He has been continually identified with his own characters, particularly the rebellious, irreverent, erotically inclined Don Juan. Byron invested the romantic lyric with a rationalist irony. Minor romantic poets include Robert Southey—best-remembered today for his story “Goldilocks and the Three Bears”—Leigh Hunt, Thomas Moore, and Walter Savage Landor. 29

       The romantic era was also rich in literary criticism and other nonfictional prose. Coleridge proposed an influential theory of literature in his Biographia Literaria (1817). William Godwin and his wife, Mary Wollstonecraft, wrote ground–breaking books on human, and women’s, rights. William Hazlitt, who never forsook political radicalism, wrote brilliant and astute literary criticism. The master of the personal essay was Charles Lamb, whereas Thomas De Quincey was master of the personal confession. The periodicals Edinburgh Review and Blackwood’s Magazine, in which leading writers were published throughout the century, were major forums of controversy, political as well as literary. 30

       Although the great novelist Jane Austen wrote during the romantic era, her work defies classification. With insight, grace, and irony she delineated human relationships within the context of English country life. Sir Walter Scott, Scottish nationalist and romantic, made the genre of the historical novel widely popular. Other novelists of the period were Maria Edgeworth, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and Thomas Love Peacock, the latter noted for his eccentric novels satirizing the romantics. 31

       The Victorian Age

       The Reform Bill of 1832 gave the middle class the political power it needed to consolidate—and to hold—the economic position it had already achieved. Industry and commerce burgeoned. While the affluence of the middle class increased, the lower classes, thrown off their land and into the cities to form the great urban working class, lived ever more wretchedly. The social changes were so swift and brutal that Godwinian utopianism rapidly gave way to attempts either to justify the new economic and urban conditions, or to change them. The intellectuals and artists of the age had to deal in some way with the upheavals in society, the obvious inequities of abundance for a few and squalor for many, and, emanating from the throne of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), an emphasis on public rectitude and moral propriety. 32

       The Novel

       The Victorian era was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class. The novels of Charles Dickens, full to overflowing with drama, humor, and an endless variety of vivid characters and plot complications, nonetheless spare nothing in their portrayal of what urban life was like for all classes. William Makepeace Thackeray is best known for Vanity Fair (1848), which wickedly satirizes hypocrisy and greed. 33

       Emily Bront?’s (see Bront?, family) single novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), is a unique masterpiece propelled by a vision of elemental passions but controlled by an uncompromising artistic sense. The fine novels of Emily’s sister Charlotte Bront?, especially Jane Eyre (1847) and V

麦哲伦海山区富钴结壳成矿条件分析

       Summary : In today's world, the rapid development in information technology, the rapid pace of information technology, the world is facing informationization, the two major trends of globalization. In advanced science and technology and information technology to the developed countries, the emergence of the knowledge economy and the wave, to the traditional economic management and economic management theory brought many new situations and new issues. Information infrastructure upgrading and development of information technology, the knowledge of the production storage, sharing and use of more technically feasible and economically more viable economic activities of the various elements, the combination would be more reasonable and more effective, enterprise competition between economic management focused on knowledge, information, science and technology complexes -- knowledge-based talent, and economic management of the various elements of high-quality personnel management in the final analysis, the management -- the knowledge of staff management, knowledge management staff is critical to the success of enterprises. Refers to the knowledge workers in an enterprise organizations created by the wisdom of the value of their work is higher than the value created by the staff. To achieve open enterprise knowledge and provide new avenues of hidden knowledge sharing. Knowledge management for enterprise information processing capacity combined with the innovative capacity of the staff. Information management staff knowledge-based economic era is the core of the enterprise management, the economic condition of the times, information knowledge, the present knowledge-based staff management should belong to the era of the information economy management. Internet : knowledge management knowledge of human resources staff incentive mechanism

       另外一个

       Summary : In today's world, the rapid development in information technology, the rapid pace of information technology, the world is facing informationization, the two major trends of globalization. In advanced science and technology and information technology to the developed countries, the emergence of the knowledge economy and the wave, to the traditional economic management and economic management theory brought many new situations and new issues. Information infrastructure upgrading and development of information technology, the knowledge of the production storage, sharing and use of more technically feasible and economically more viable economic activities of the various elements, the combination would be more reasonable and more effective, enterprise competition between economic management focused on knowledge, information, science and technology complexes -- knowledge-based talent, and economic management of the various elements of high-quality personnel management in the final analysis, the management -- the knowledge of staff management, knowledge management staff is critical to the success of enterprises. Refers to the knowledge workers in an enterprise organizations created by the wisdom of the value of their work is higher than the value created by the staff. To achieve open enterprise knowledge and provide new avenues of hidden knowledge sharing. Knowledge management for enterprise information processing capacity combined with the innovative capacity of the staff. Information management staff knowledge-based economic era is the core of the enterprise management, the economic condition of the times, information knowledge, the present knowledge-based staff management should belong to the era of the information economy management. Internet : knowledge management knowledge of human resources staff incentive mechanism

       另外一种：

       Now the world, the information technology rapid development, the becoming an information based society speed is swift and violent, the world is facing becoming an information based society, the globalization two major tendencies. Is advanced and the becoming an information based society advance developed country in the science and technology, also has emerged the knowledge economy tide, this brings many new situations and the new task for the economical management and the traditional economy management theory. The information infrastructure promotion and the information technology swift and violent development, makes the knowledge the production to save, the share and the use in the technology more feasible, in the economy more worthwhile, in the economic activity each kind of essential factor disposition, the combination way more reasonable, will be more effective, between the enterprise economy management will compete key point in knowledge, information, technical complex compound □□knowledge talented person, but in the economical management each kind of essential factor management will be in the final analysis to the high quality personnel's management □□knowledge staff's management, the knowledge staff management is the enterprise success or failure key aspect. The value staff with the wisdom which in the knowledge staff is refers in an enterprise organizes which to create the value is higher than it to begin to create. Realizes the dominant knowledge and recessive knowledge sharing for the enterprise provides the new way. The knowledge management is advantageous in the enterprise information-handling capacity and staff's innovation ability unifies. The information economy time knowledge staff's management is the business management core are partial, namely under information economy time condition knowledge work, therefore the present knowledge staff's management should belong to the information economy time the management.

       Key words: The knowledge management knowledge staff drives the machine-made human resources

张虎才的发表论文及著作

       王嘹亮　梁德华　钟和贤　王群　曾繁彩

       摘要　麦哲伦海山区是西北太平洋内受北西向转换断层控制的板内海底火山链，其形成时代为中侏罗世—白垩纪。独特的构造背景和地理环境，造就麦哲伦海山区成为世界上最重要的富钴结壳分布区之一。海山上覆盖着火山岩和沉积岩两类结壳基岩，基岩的形成时代、类型、分布位置等，对结壳性质有重要影响。富钴结壳于晚白垩世晚期开始形成，始新世—中新世发育最为有利。自侏罗纪以来麦哲伦海山由南半球跨越赤道迁移到北半球。这一阶段南极冰盖的消融与生长和板块构造运动引起的海陆变迁，导致海山区最低含氧层深度和CCD面发生变化，结壳的生长出现间断，内部元素组分发生突变或渐变。麦哲伦海山上的结壳，一般呈现两个世代，新老壳层间在元素含量上有差异，老世代壳层中有6个元素成因组合，壳层巾有4个元素成因组合。

       关键词　麦哲伦海山　富钴结壳　成矿条件

       富钴结壳是重要的大洋矿产资源，许多国家都投巨资对其进行勘探和相应的研究工作。各国的科学家经过最近20年的工作，在结壳的分布特征、成因、主要元素组分及其含量、成矿时代等方面取得了重要成果。本文通过对深海钻探资料综合分析，基岩样品的岩石、矿物、年代及地球化学分析，结壳矿物、元素地球化学分析等多种方法手段，从成矿区域构造、海山成因、年代及地形地貌特征、古海洋学等方面探讨了麦哲伦海山区富钴结壳的成矿条件。

       1　地质背景

       麦哲伦海山链是形成于中侏罗世—白垩纪洋底基岩之上的火山构造隆起。区内磁条带的展布和地层分布特征表明，海山链的形成与北西走向的转换断层密切相关（图1）。海山均是构造因素控制下，沿断裂带火山喷发/喷溢作用的火山成因。海山在其形成过程，受到北东向次级断裂的控制，单座海山呈北东向展布。海山基座的主体岩石由中侏罗世洋中脊拉斑玄武岩，早白垩世板内碱性拉斑玄武岩和大洋岛枕状玄武岩组成。海山的主要沉积盖层由火山碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩（主要是鲕状灰岩）及粘土等组成。火山台地在早白垩世（阿尔布阶）形成之后，曾经历过环礁发育阶段。由于火山/区域构造作用，在中－晚阿尔布阶，有过3～4次升降旋回变化。

       图1　麦哲伦海山链分布位置及区内磁条带展布图（据Atsushi Matsuoka,1992）

       Fig.1　Location map of Magellan Seamounts chain and the distribution of magnetic lineation（Atsushi Matsuoka,1992）

       2　富钴结壳结构构造特征

       麦哲伦海山区的富钴结壳，由下而上由4个单元组成，分别为R、Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ单元（图2）。具R单元的结壳形成开始于晚白垩世（Pulyaeva,1996）。R单元的特征为高密度（2.46g/cm3），低湿度（11%）以及矿物质呈块状构造，非矿物组分含量高。非矿物组分主要为碳酸盐—磷酸盐物质。I单元以物质的高度转化和磷酸盐组分饱和为特征，致密，厚度在2～8cm之间变化。矿物质具浅蓝至黑色的金属光泽，贝壳状断口，致密，密度2.17g/cm3，湿度22%。具层纹－柱状构造，构造单一，脉石矿物很少，致密纹层平直分布，纹层极薄，易剥离，脆性大。上部Ⅱ和Ⅲ单元受成岩作用影响较低，有用组分含量增高和磷酸盐含量降低。Ⅱ单元总体构造杂乱，具斑块构造、树枝状构造、指纹构造与放射状柱状构造等，厚2～6cm，夹杂少量的脉石矿物。该层的矿物质表现出高孔隙度、湿度为39%，密度为1.78g/cm3。矿物之间的空隙被粘土质充填，较少见由碳酸盐粘土质悬浮物充填。Ⅲ单元，厚1～4cm，与Ⅱ单元呈逐渐接触。块状矿物呈黑色，具树枝状构造、叠层－柱状构造等，湿度32%，密度1.90g/cm3。

       图2　生物礁石灰岩基岩上的具4个单元结壳（据Pulyaeva,1996）

       Fig.2　The cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust with 4 units which occurred on the reef carbonate rock（Pulvaeva,1996）

       3　富钴结壳元素地球化学特征

       根据结壳中产出的化石和各壳层的元素地球化学特征，将R单元和Ⅰ单元划归老世代结壳层，Ⅱ单元和Ⅲ单元划归年轻世代结壳层。麦哲伦海山区老世代富钴结壳层中.Cu、Ni、P2O5、CaCO3、La与Ce的平均质量分数明显高于年轻世代富钴结壳层的。Cu高54%,Ni高17%,P2O5高70%,CaCO3高58%,La高10%,Ce高20%。而Fe、Co及多数稀土元素平均质量分数明显低于年轻时代富钴结壳层的。Fe低11%,Co低10%，其他稀土元素低5%左右（表1）。老世代结壳层的稀土元素总量为1535.5μg/g、w（Ce）为724.2μg/g，均较年轻世代结壳层的高。稀土元素的北美页岩标准配分模式表现为明显的Ce异常，富轻稀土。

       表1　麦哲伦海山区富钴结壳老世代层与年轻世代层化学成分对比表［wB/%,w（稀土）/（μg·g-1）]

       据因子分析结果，老世代壳层中具6个元素成因组合：①水成元素（Mn、Co、Fe），②稀土元素（Ce除外），③磷灰石组分（CaCO3、P2O5），④生物成因元素（Zn、Cu），⑤热液成因元素（Pb），⑥碎屑成因组分（Mg）。年轻世代壳层中，只有4个元素成因组合：①水成元素（Mn、Co、Ni），②稀土元素（Ce除外），③磷灰石组分（CaCO3、P2O5），④生物成因元素（Zn、Cu）（图3，图4）。

       图3　老世代结壳层化学成分因子载荷分布图

       Fig.3　Plots of factor loadings of elemmental composition of the older crust generation

       图4　年轻世代结壳层化学成分因子载荷分布图

       Fig.4　Plots of factor loadings of elemental composition of the younger crust generation

       4　富钴结壳与基岩的关系

       4.1　基岩形成时代

       最老的结壳基岩是玄武岩及玄武质角砾岩，它们的形成时代为中阿尔布期－晚白垩世中坎潘期（110～80Ma）。往上是直接覆于玄武岩岩基座上的生物礁灰岩、火山粗碎屑岩，其形成时代为晚白垩世（80～70Ma），是沉积岩类基岩中的最老的岩石类型。最往上是鲕粒灰岩，形成时代在白垩纪末—始新世。其他沉积岩类基岩的时间跨度大，从古新统到更新统的都有。它们主要为有孔虫灰岩，磷块岩及硅质岩等（图5）。

       图5　麦哲伦海山富钴结壳基岩类型与产出时代

       Fig.5　The substrate rock types and their ages of the cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in Magellan Seamounts

       4.2　结壳化学成分与基岩的关系

       按产自玄武岩类、磷酸盐岩和灰岩类、火山碎屑岩与角砾岩类、凝灰岩类和硅质岩与铁质岩类5类岩石上的结壳进行分类统计。各类基岩上结壳的化学成分平均值如表2。

       从统计结果看，凝灰岩上的结壳Fe元素质量分数最高，其次为玄武岩基岩上的结壳。火山碎屑岩与角砾岩、磷酸盐岩和灰岩基岩上的结壳Fe元素质量分数较低，硅质岩与铁质岩上的最低。Mn元素质量分数以火山碎屑岩与角砾岩上的结壳最多，其次为玄武岩、磷酸盐岩与角砾岩上的结壳，凝灰岩上的结壳Mn元素质量分数更次之，硅质岩与铁质岩上的结壳Mn元素质量分数最低。Cu元素质量分数以火山碎屑岩与角砾岩上的结壳最高，其次为磷酸盐岩和灰岩上的结壳，硅质岩与铁质岩上的结壳，玄武岩上的结壳Cu元素质量分数最低。Co元素除硅质岩与铁质岩上的结壳质量分数偏低（仅0.37%）外，其余基岩上的结壳质量分数均较高，在0.524%～0.58%之间。火山碎屑岩与角砾岩、磷酸盐岩与灰岩及硅质岩与铁质岩基岩上的结壳，Ni元素质量分数较高，在0.431%～0.451%之间，玄武岩上的结壳次之，为0.371%凝灰岩上的结壳Ni质量分数最低，为0.24%。Zn元素质量分数除凝灰岩基岩上的结壳质量分数偏低（为0.058%）外，其余基岩上的结壳Zn元素质量分数在0.061%～0.068%之间。俄罗斯科学家对麦哲伦海山区MA海山上的164个样品的化学成分分析结果进行的统计分析，基本得出相似的结论（表3）。

       表2　不同类型基岩上的富钴结壳化学成分（35个测站）

       表3　MA-15海山结壳化学成分及含量（164个样品）

       （据1.Pulyaeva,1996）

       结壳的稀土元素与玄武岩的稀土元素存在极微弱的正相关关系，成对元素间的相关系数最大为0.38，最小为0.13（表4），二者之间不存在重要的成因联系。结壳中的稀土元素主要来自海水，而不是来自玄武岩。玄武岩对结壳稀土元素的贡献只是一个很低的水平。稀土元素与主元素成分相伴生，推定结壳的成矿物质来源主要是海水，而不是玄武岩。

       结壳中的La、Pr、Nd、Sm及Eu与对应磷酸盐基岩中的La、Pr、Nd、Sm及Eu元素为弱正相关关系，结壳中的Ce与磷酸盐中的Ce呈弱的负相关关系，而其他元素对之间基本上没有相关关系。分析结果表明结壳中La、Pr、Nd、Sm及Eu元素磷酸盐基岩有一定的成因联系，而结壳中的其他元素与磷酸盐没有联系。

       表4　结壳稀土元素与对应玄武岩稀土元素间的相关系数表

       ＊者为基岩的稀土元素.无＊者代表结壳稀土元素。

       5　成矿条件分析

       5.1　大地构造背景控制富钴结壳成矿场的分布

       富钴结壳成矿物质的成因与地球内力有关，不同大地构造背景有着不同的岩浆和热水活动特征。在热力场和流体运动的作用下，沉积层、大洋基底和更深地圈的物质和结构受到改造。改造的结果是不同区域内基岩的年代和成分、火山作用，热水—喷气活动、热质转移、热力场对底部水和渗滤水成分，水化学及温度等方面各具特征。麦哲伦海山区位于库拉板块南部，是热点成因的板内火山链，且受北西向转换断层的控制。这样庞大的海山群，在其建造过程中，从地幔中带来了极其丰富的结壳成矿物质。炽热的岩浆和海水作用及后来的长期海解作用，玄武岩浆和玄武岩中淋滤出大量的金属物质，进入到海水中。地球内力作用因素促进物源的补给，决定着成矿作用的地球化学类型。据目前调查和研究资料，世界海洋中的富钴结壳主要分布在热点成因的海底火山上，并且这些海山的年龄一般大于50Ma，现今位置远离洋中脊。新生代期间太平洋周围和洋盆内海底火山活动主要发生在始新世、中渐新世、中中新世中期和晚期以及上新世时期，这些火山活动时期与结壳的生长期基本对应，说明海底火山活动为结壳提供着生长基础和成矿物质。

       5.2　古海洋环境控制结壳的成矿特征

       结壳的成矿物质主要来自海水，部分来自生物遗体分解产物。碳酸盐浮游生物骨骼在最低含氧层中溶解分离，使得铁分离出来并沉降海底，提供海底表层铁。新沉积的氧化铁矿物促进了那些溶解于底层水中锰的原始氧化物在其表面的氧化，同时铁锰结壳从周围海水中析出成为固相，使其表面的成矿物质Co、Ni、Cu达到饱和状态。在水深500～2500m范围，底面沉淀物的输入量和成矿场上由底层水输出物质量之间达到平衡时，在最低含氧层内，金属的悬浮质点在固体基质表面上发生沉淀，结壳不断生长（Pulyaeva,1996）。所以，结壳的生成和分布与海底氧化作用强弱及生物生产力关系密切。海底氧化作用受底流强度及海底地形地貌等古地理因素控制。

       在水平方向上，赤道附近海域的生物生产力高，海水提供的成矿物质丰富，太平洋的结壳主要集中在北纬5°～20°和南纬3°～20°之间分布，且Cu、Ni等金属含量向着赤道方向增大。在垂直方向上，结壳富集带成带状矿藏，并在水深1350～3200m间沿水下平顶山的周边分布。在平顶海山顶面，有孔虫砂发育的轮廓决定着矿床的上部边界；在山坡下部3100～3200m粘土发育层的上界决定着矿藏的下部边界。结壳按厚度的分布具明显的点状特征。厚度大于8cm的结壳，一般分布在平顶海山的支脉或其附属地段，这些地方的特点是具有强烈的水动力学环境。

       结壳的垂直剖面结构构造及元素成分的变化特征，揭示在结壳生长过程中，古海洋环境在不断演变。老世代结壳形成时期，太平洋碳酸盐补偿深度变深，促进了太平洋的温盐循环，增强了海水的侵蚀作用，产生区域性沉积间断，沉积速率、碳酸盐供给和溶解速率均明显降低，形成贫铁和钴的老结壳（Van Andel and other,1975）。年轻世代结壳形成早期，赤道和南极间海水温度梯度增大，深层水和底层水流动增强，在太平洋东岸和赤道地区形成上升流和生物高生产率区。这时期形成结构疏松、富磷酸盐化碳酸盐物质的结壳。中中新世晚中新世，南极底层水非常活跃，富含氧气的南极底层水对碳酸盐发生强烈的溶解作用，为富钴结壳生长提供大量金属，所以年轻世代富钴结壳的铁和钴含量高。

       5.3　海山的演化影响结壳的结构构造和金属含量

       早白垩世（巴列姆阶—阿普特阶）麦哲伦海山区海山形成，并完成从盾形火山向中间类型的成层火山的演化。晚白垩世，阿尔布期海山上部磨蚀夷平，进入海侵和平顶海山下沉阶段，环礁发育。赛诺曼期，海山全面下沉，同时钙质微体浮游生物的演化开始，开始了夹超微有孔虫石灰岩和钙质砂岩层的凝灰岩沉积，其形成与下沉的平顶海山顶部激浪带的存在有关。坎潘期马斯特里赫特期，大多数平顶海山上，已形成了相对稳定的半深海环境。在合适的地段形成了古老结壳（R单元）。古老结壳形成的时期，海山刚形成不久，处于下沉阶段，海山平顶上水动力动荡，碳酸盐浮游生物开始演化。这一时期，主要的基岩类型只有海山玄武岩、角砾岩，只有位于最低含氧层带及以下的基岩才能接受结壳成矿物质的沉淀而生长结壳。太平洋的最低含氧层深度是900～1300m间（Kilinkhammer和Bender,1980）。位于有利成矿深度（现在水深2000m左右）分布的基岩是海山平缓斜坡分布的角砾岩和部分玄武岩，海山顶部多数尚处于最低含氧层之上，少有R单元的结壳出现。R单元的基岩以角砾岩为主，由于成矿作用的间歇性和周期性间断，结壳物质由磷酸盐物质条纹和玄武岩碎屑所分隔。

       目前水平的平顶海山在始新世趋于稳定，早古新世浮游有孔虫和钙质超微浮游生物的大量物种灭绝，导致了太平洋碳酸钙沉积的明显减少，海山平顶上的大部分环礁构造遗迹和玄武岩未被软泥覆盖。中始新世，各种钙质浮游生物才逐渐恢复，在中始新世达到高峰。此时，海山平顶正好位于最低含氧层带或以下，结壳Ⅰ单元在这一带形成。I单元的成矿作用主要发生在顶部地带的平缓地形上，极少在斜坡上发生。I单元发育的结壳的基岩基本上为海山顶部的玄武岩，水深范围大多在1500～2000m。

       6　结论

       （1）麦哲伦海山区为热点成因的板内海底火山链，其形成发育受北西向断层强烈影响。

       （2）大地构造背景控制结壳成矿场的分布。

       （3）古海洋环境控制结壳的成矿特征。

       （4）海山的演化影响结壳的结构构造与金属含量。

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       ANALYSIS OF MINERAL FORMATION CONDITION ON COBALT-RICH MANGANESE CRUSTS OF THE MAGELLAN SEAMOUNTS

       Wang Liaoliang　Liang Dehua　Zhong Hexian　Wang Qun　Zeng Fancai

       （Guangzhou marine Geological Survey,Guangzhou 510075）

       Abstract

       The Magellan Seamounts is a seabed volcanic chain which formed during mid-Jurassic to Chalk（Cretaceous）and controlled by a NW transform fault.For the special tectonic background and geographical environments,the Magellan seamounts became one of the most famous mineral estate of the whole world.　Some volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks overlie at the seamounts,their ages,types and location greatly influence the nature of crusts.The cobalt-rich crusts firstly formed during the late period of Late Cretaceous；the time span from Eocene to Miocene is its blossom.Since Jurassic,the Magellan Seamounts had moved to the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere through the equator.During this time,for the Antarctic ice cap’s forming and dissolving,and the continent and ocean changes which were resulted from the plates movements,the depth of the minimum oxygen layer and the CCD boundary was changed from time to time,also the crusts’ growth process was interrupted,its inner elements composition with content changed suddenly or smoothly. Generally two generations was existed in one crust sample. There are six elements genetic components in older generation,four in young generation.

       Key words:Magellan Seamounts,Cobalt-rich manganese crusts,Mineral formation condition

       注释

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       ⒔ 张虎才，撒哈拉沙漠东北部苏丹境内东西断面粒度分布特征及其成因与环境，中国沙漠1996,16⑶.241-245 (Zhang Hucai,The Characteristics of sand grains from Northeastern Sahara and their Formation Mechanism and Environment. Journal of Desert Research. 16⑶，246-251,in Chinese with English abstract,1996）

       ⒕ 张虎才，武都黄土堆积及晚更新世以来环境变迁研究。兰州大学学报（自然科学版）33⑴，105-114，1997 (Zhang Hucai,A study on loess sedimentation and environmental change since Late Pleistocene in Wudu area,Journal of Lanzhou University,33 ⑴，105 - 114,in Chinese with English abstract,1997）

       ⒖ 张虎才，B. Wünnemann。腾格里沙漠晚更新世以来湖相沉积年代及高湖面期的初步确定。兰州大学学报（自然科学版），33⑵，87-91，1997 (Zhang Hucai & B. Wünnemann,Preliminary study on the chronology of lacustrine deposits and determination of high paleolake level in Tengger Desert since Late Pleistocene,Journal of Lanzhou University,33 ⑵，87 - 91,in Chinese with English abstract,1997）

       ⒗ 张虎才。沙哈拉沙漠东北部全新世气候环境与人类活动，中国沙漠。17⑶，291 - 294，1997 (Zhang Hucai,Holocene climatic Environment and Human Activities in Northeastern Sahara Desert. Journal of Desert Research. 17⑶. 291-294,in Chinese with English abstract,1997）

       ⒘ 张虎才，李吉均，马玉贞，曹继秀，王乃昂。腾格里沙漠南缘武威黄土沉积元素地球化学特征。沉积学报。15⑷，152 - 158，199 (Zhang Hucai,Li Jijun,Ma Yuzhen,Cao Jixiu & Wang Naiang,A study on Elemental Geochemical characters of Wuwei Loess Section in South vicinity of Tengger Desert. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,15 ⑷，152 - 158,in Chinese with English abstract,1997）

       ⒙ 张虎才，史正涛，戴雪荣。深海氧同位素第5阶段的气候记录：武都黄土剖面与极地冰心，深海沉积同位素记录的对比。兰州大学学报（自然科学版），33⑷，107-115，1997 (Zhang Hucai,Shi Zhengtao & Dai Xiurong,The climate records of deep sea oxygen isotope stage 5: a detailed correlation between Wudu loess,ice core from polar glaciers and deep sea,Journal of Lanzhou University,33 ⑷，107 - 115,in Chinese with English abstract,1997）

       ⒚ 王乃昂，张虎才，曹继秀，李吉均，马玉贞。腾格里沙漠南缘武威黄土剖面磁性地层年代初步研究。兰州大学学报（自然科学版），33⑷，144-146，1997 (Wang Naiang,Zhang Hucai Cao Jixiu,Lijijun & Ma Yuzhen,Primary study on paleomagnetochronological stratigraphy of Wuwei loess section in southern vicinity of Tengger Desert,Journal of Lanzhou University,33 ⑷，144 - 146,in Chinese,1997）

       ⒛ B. Wünnemann,H. -J. Pachur & Zhang Hucai,Climatic and environmental changes in the deserts of Inner Mongolia,China,since the Late Pleistocene. In Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Changes (Alsharhan,A. S.,Gleenie,K. W.,White,G. L. and Kendall,C. G. St. C. eds.),Balkema,Rotterdaman and Brookfield,1998,381 - 394）

       21. 张虎才，马玉贞，李吉均，B. Wünnemann。腾格里沙漠南缘全新世古气候变化初步研究。科学通报。43⑿，1252 - 1257，1998 (Zhang Hucai,Ma Yuzhen,Li Jijun & B. Wünnemann,A primary study on the Holocene climatic change in southern vicinity of Tengger Desert,Chinese Science Bulletin,in Chinese,vol.43,no.18,1998）

       22. 张虎才。腾格里沙漠南缘武威黄土稀土元素及黄土沉积模式。兰州大学学报（自然科学版），43⑷，1998 (Zhang Hucai,The REE of Wuwei loess at south vicinity of Tengger Desert and a model for loess accumulation,Journal of Lanzhou University,in Chinese with English abstract,vol.43,no.4,1998）

       23. 张虎才，沙哈拉沙漠东北部全新世气候环境与人类活动，中国沙漠，17⑶，291 - 294，1997

       24. Zhang Hucai,Climatic change and human activities of Northeastern Sahara in Holocene,Acta Geographica Sinica,Vol.8,No.4,1998

       25. 马玉贞，张虎才，李吉均，Pachur,H. -J,Wünnemann,B.，腾格里沙漠晚更新世孢粉植物群与气候环境演变，植物学报，40⑼，871 - 879 (Ma Yuzhen,Zhang Hucai,Li Jijun,H. -J. Pachur & B. Wünnemann,A study on the palynoflora and climatic environment during Late Pleistocene in Tengger Desert,Acta Botanica Sinica,in Chinese with English abstract,Vol.40,No9,1998,871 - 879）

       26. Peng Jinan,Zhang Hucai & Ma Yuzhen,Late Pleistocene limnic ostracods and their environmental significance in the Tengger Desert,northwestern China,Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica （微体古生物学报，in English),vol.15,no.1,1998,22 - 30

       27. H. C. Zhang,Ma Yuzhen,Li Jijun & B. Wünnemann,The Holocene palaeoclimatic change in southern vicinity of Tengger Desert,Chinese Science Bulletin （科学通报英文版，in English,1999,vol.44,no.6,550 - 556）

       28. H. C. Zhang,Y. Z. Ma,B. Wünnemann,H. -J. Pachur,A Holocene climatic record from arid Northwestern China,Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,162,2000,389 - 401

       29. H. C. Zhang,Pachur H. -J.,Wünnemann B.,Li J. J.,Ma Y. Z.,J. X. Cao,D. F. Mu,Chen G. J.,and Fang H. B.,Late Quaternary development and levels of palaeolakes in Tengger desert,NW China,2004,(Palaeogeoraphy,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,in printing)

       30. H. C. Zhang,Bernd Wünnemann,Yuzhen Ma,Hans -J. Pachur,Stephen Stokes,Jijun Li,Yuan Qi,Guangjie Chen,and Hongbing Fang,Lake level and climate change between 42,000 and 18,000 14C years BP in Tengger desert,NW China,2002 (Quaternary Research 58,62-72）

       31. H. C. Zhang,Yuzhen Ma,Bernd Wünnemann,Hans -J. Pachur,Jijun Li,Yuan Qi,Guangjie Chen,and Hongbing Fang,Abrupt climate changes during last glacial period in NW China,2001,Geophysical Research Letters,Vol.28,No.16,3203 - 3206

       32. Mischike S.,Riedel,F.,Schudack,M.,and Zhang,H. 2000,The Holocene History of some Lakes in the Chinese Gobi Desert: Review and New Data. In 8Th International Paleolimnology Symposium,Kinston (Canada),Abstract: 63

       33. 冯兆东，陈发虎，张虎才，末次冰期-间冰期蒙古高原与黄土高原对全球变化的重要贡献，中国沙漠，20⑵，172 - 177 (Zhao-dong Feng,Fa-hu Chen,Hu-cai Zhang and Yu-zhen Ma. 2000,Contribution to global change of Mongolian Plateau and Loess Plateau in the Last Glaciation and Interglacial periods. Journal of Desert Research,Vol.20,No. 2,172 -177）

       34. Zhang Hucai,Ma Yuzhen,Pen Jinlan,Li Jijun,Cao Jixiu,Chen Guangjie,Fang Hongbing,Mu Defen,H. J. Pachur,B. Wünnemann & Feng Zhaodong. 2002,Palaeolake and palaeoenvironment between 42 - 18ka BP in Tengger Desert,NW China. Chinese Science Bulletin，Vol.47,No23,1946-1956.

       35. 张虎才，马玉贞，彭金兰，李吉均，曹继秀，祁元，陈光杰，方红兵，穆德芬，H. J. Pachur,B. Wünnemann，冯兆东. 2002，距今42~18 ka腾格里沙漠古湖泊及古环境。科学通报，第47卷，第24期，1847-1857。

       36. Ming Tan,Tungsheng Liu,Juzhi Hou,Xiaoguang,Qin,Hucai Zhang,Tieying Li,Cyclic Rapid Warming on the Centennial-Scale Revealed by a 2650-year Stalagmite Record of Warm Season Temperature. Geophysical Research Letters. 2003,30⑿，19.

       37. MA Yuzhen,ZHANG Hucai,H.-J. Pachur,B. Wünnemann,LI Jijun & FENG Zhaodong.2003. Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Tengger Desert,northwestern China. Chinese Science Bulletin. Vol.48 No.14,1457-1463.

       38. Yuzhen Ma,Hucai Zhang,Hans -J. Pachur,Bernd Wünnemann,Jijun Li,Zhaodong Feng. 2004. Modern Pollen-Based Interpretations of the Middle Holocene Paleoclimate （8500 to 3000yr cal BP) in the Southern margin of the Tengger Desert,NW China. (The Holocene,in printing).

       39. 汪卫国，冯兆东，李心清，张虎才，马玉贞，安成帮，郭兰兰. 蒙古北部Gun Nuur湖记录的全新世气候突发事件。科学通报，2004,49⑴，27 - 33

       40. W.-G. Wang,Z.-D. Feng,X.-Q. Lee,H.C. Zhang,Y.Z. Ma,C.B. An,L. L. Guo,Holocene abrupt climate shifts recorded in Gun Nuur lake core,Northern Mongolia. Chinese Science Bulletin,2004,49⑸，520 - 526 ⒈ 张虎才编著，1997。元素表生地球化学特征及理论基础。兰州：兰州大学出版社，pp456 (Zhang Hucai,1997. Superficial Elemental Geochemistry and Theoretical Principles,Lanzhou University Press,Lanzhou,PP456）

       ⒉ Co-editors (Zhang Linyuan,et al) of Special Issue on the Lanzhou Field Workshop on Loess Geomorphological Processes and Hazard,COMTAG International Conference in China,Journal of Lanzhou University supplementary,1989

       ⒊ 中国西部第四纪冰川与环境。张林源等编，1991,pp330（Co-editor (Zhang Linyuan,et al) of Quaternary glacier and Environment in Northwestern China,Scientific Press,Beijing,PP330,1991）

       ⒋ 元谋第四纪地质与古人类。钱方，周国兴等编著，科学出版社，1991,pp222 (Co-editor (Qian Fang & Zhou Guoxing,et al) of Quaternary Geology and Palaeoanthropology in Yuan Mu,Scientific Press,Beijing,pp222,1991）

       好了，今天关于“elemental scientific”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够对“elemental scientific”有更深入的认识，并从我的回答中得到一些启示。如果您有任何问题或需要进一步的信息，请随时告诉我。